The Coma Recovery Scale -Revised (CRS-R) was developed by Joseph Giacino and colleagues in 2004 as an attempt to resolve the original CRS’s psychometric characteristics and respond to changes in diagnostic parameters – mainly dealing with the development of MCS criteria. The revised scale is comprised of 6 subscales (auditory, visual, motor, oromotor, communication, and arousal) with a total of 23 items, with the lowest scores representing reflexive activities and higher scores indicating more integrated behaviors that suggest higher levels of cognitive function.